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ᳫġĸڡ̡ʱԼܵȤҲӤ
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·ʱ䡣һ̣ѧϰ

2008.2.20

ù۲챨2008.2.25

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ٱѧѧԺԺڡйѧϵسϮ

𾴵ķʦ

ã

ǰһʱĶ¬Ͷҵľѧ
:һ۵йѧ20052ڣ48-56ҳ
سϮ˻˵Ƿ˷ѧPanu KalmiѧġThe Study of 
Co-operatives in Modern Economics: A Methodological Essay2003
ģأIPƣ

ƽʱѧڲ¼ڷִ󣬱˰ٶ
״֪ȻйسϮ¼ԼѧԺ
˼˾ٱǱȽЧ;ûѡڿ緢ţ
ûиţΪûҵǸٻκϵʽ
˲ѧߣʲܽʵٱϣܹ¶һشѧ
Ϯ¼潫˶ԳϮ֤ݵľģͬʱӢƪ฽
С

1 Ŀ֪оͬһThe Study of Co-operatives in 
Modern Economics: A Methodological EssayͶҵľѧо:
һ۵

2 ֱӰ˳Ϯ˵Ƿ롢ժ룩Ӣԭ

1Introduction   

Ӣԭ˵оJaroslav Vanek  Henry Hansmann  Gregory Dowķ
ˣӢ˵ûоMarxist (Horvat, 1982), Austrian 
(Prychitko,1996) Ҳ˵ûо˷ݣעĽע4 5 7 
˵ ӢԭĵһһӦġ

22 The neoclassical approach 

2.1 Vanek's General Theory 

2.2 The rise and fall of labour-management literature

Ӣԭĵĵڶ֣뿴ĵĵڶ֡ LMFо¹ŵ䷽
˥˵ⶼûб䣬ӢԭĵСϲһ
ΪڶֲҰ˳ժ롣

33 The New Institutional approach

3.1 The precursors: Furubotn, Pejovic, Jensen, and Meckling

3.2 The Ownership of Enterprise by Hansmann

3.3 Comparison between Hansmann and Vanek

3.4 Contract-theoretic approach to co-operatives

Ӣԭĵĵ֣ƶȾѧԷΪϼɱ
Ľ䰴˳ԭĲ֡

LMFоĽ׷Ȩӡ

߰˷(Furubotn),ά(Pejovic),ղɭ(Jensen),÷
(Meckling)ˡͷĻӢģ3.1 The precursors: Furubotn, 
Pejovic, Jensen, and MecklingǶӦģʡһֵķ롣ֱ
ӿʼϮ3.2 The Ownership of Enterprise by Hansmann

ġLMFоԼ۷𡱣3.4 Contract-theoretic 
approach to co-operativesĵĲֳϮһСڡ

ƶȾѧڹڽȣܶԭѾ棬ڽ
עнӢԭĵӢӦΪѾ˵İ棬ʾ֪ʶ

44 Dow's Governing the firm  ֱӷ˴˶ΣΪ 
ҵLMFӦá

5Conclusionsɽۡķ˴˶Σṹû䡣

6еĲοûСThe Study of Co-operatives in 
Modern Economics: A Methodological Essay˳ϮȻԭ
ףȻйΪƪӢǹصġ

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ҽԺҪʿſҽʿᡣʵ̲סܵҽԺȥҪҩ룬
ʿ˻,ҪʵʵڼҴϢԼˣ
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20040908 

ëǰһ9࿪ʼգ֮ǰûʲôð֢״ֻ˵˯
10СMotrin(̩ŵһҩ)Сʱ֮ûգ
102.4(Լ39ȶ)ڼߡҹ11ȥ

סĵطΪߣҹҲ䣬ʱ´Լ14ȣ
ëĳ˯һñӵļпˡҵĽӴʿŪ
պ˵ĵһ仰ǡļпѵӷղܴ̫ࡱұŴ
ë·ǡ˵Ҫ溹˺𣿡

ʿȷڷպҽ֮ǰȸ˴ëһרС
ӵ̩ŵ¸˨ҽԺǣʲô⣬Ȱ½
˵ǵĽ·ǼȲҲҺֿټЧĸ˨
ЩйҳԽˡ

ʿǵһ䵥˲ԸѴëе·ѵݸһ
ϵӵΧȹһСŷøëϡʱ¶ǻ 
68(20)зȿȻ磬żп˵ҶЩ
ʻʿëڷգҿԲ·𣿻ʿһ˵
·ôգʶﲻϺʱ
ҵĹڷҪ溹˵ѾѰɡ

ҽеʻԼصļ飬ķѪѹһ
ҽ˵иðҲͨðϸҽڶڷպ͸к
޷͵ʱͳͳϸɵġʵҴëм
ʱëǹҽ˵˷

Ϊ˸һȷûʲôëëҪڵȴĹУ
ʿ֧ζѩ⣬ë˵ˣվˡ
ë˸߲ң룬ҪǴëڵĻ֧ѩһԵ
ëĶΪСʱûùô˷ܵĽ·Ŷ

ѩ⻹ûг꣬ʿˣӣһ֭һ
ˮıռ˶뱭ȻǸëµġǴëڱ
ԳԺȺ»ָҲǿġҵǣĽ·
ѵ󲻻ٷ

ӹʿд챨棬ҲҺ1Сʱǰ
˵Ĵëǻؼˣҽûпκҩɺëû
Ԥϵ̫ıٷաԺҪѩˡ

(XYS20080225)

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ҽƷ()

ߣ޷

뱾뵽ʲôдʲôдɺƪƣΪǰͷ 
оܶҽҵ˶йҽƴ󻷾ûһȫʶǰͬ 
̫ԣ˵ĵ̫࣬ʵЩֻддйҽƵļ 
⣬ϣĸһǣ淽ĸ򵥻
ǰͷд

4 ҽԴʧ

ѰݵóһѵĽۣԼΪŶȺܸߡ

who֤һ--йҽԴ㣬ѰȴΪ 
ˡ

ʵҾȷʵǺͳƵģһжҽǺܺͳƵģ 
ڶִҵԣжִҵҽݿжҽμˡ
Ѱݺˣ:-) 

ÿʼ
Ѱ : ҽĹҽɵ
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˿йҽȴ½

Ҳзĵݣȥ2005ȫԱ 
ʷﵽˮƽҲ鵽£2005ȫҽ 
193.8ˣҽʦ155.6򣬷ֱֻʷ200192.395 
Ȼʿһֱӣҽҽʦǰ2005ȫ 
Աֻʷˮƽ97׵ǣ2005ȫҽ 
ʷˮƽұ1997ĻԼ46595ˡظһΣΪ 
ˣͬȫܷ1.7ֵ5399.8Ԫ 
֧ 1.6ֵ2775Ԫ˵ҽƷ 
ӣҽΪмȴڼ٣

ݱݲȫͳҹ6100ͨͳһԻ 
ִҵҽʦʸ40ûעᡱ

ҽиָɣǣйҽһ˵ִҵӦǸ 
ʵˡ

˿Ķߣд뿪йҽƵˣѰҡ

Ѱ뿪վãԹڵľ廷衣

ڵıڷ۸ߡ۸ߡҽƷøߵġʱҽ 
ʿҲصϺҽѧԺıҵн棬ҿ 
Բο˷ӣϼҴڵģѵͷڴһ죬ܹͷ 
֮ٵĸҽ

ͷҪ飬ҽϵĶ񻯣ҽԱѪˡ
ݲȫͳƣ׶1999굽20023乲ŹҽԱ¼ 
502ӰҽԺ¼1567ϴѧһоڽ 
8000ҽԱУ65%̶ܹͬȵ˺й 
ҽʦЭ2004еҽִҵʾΪõΪ7.1%һ 
43.5%ϲ37.3%11.1%忴ҽȺձΪִҵ 
롣ͬҽŮҽѧԺУĵҲѰζԸӳиҵֻ 
10.4%ԸΪ63%

йִҵǿҽҿйҽʦЭһͨɣرǱ 
д

http://www.cmda.gov.cn/info/showinfo.asp?id=4426

ŵλйҽ˵Ѿˡ

йҽƻһ̭

ûзӣС۵ģЩˣ㣬Ѱǰĺˣ 
ȻǱӦйҽƵмйҽƶ˵ûˡ

ʣҽƷԴԱ
http://zhouqiren.com/eco_6.html

ҽʦʧδעִҵҽʦ
http://www.21wecan.com/webvote/zyys.jsp


http://tech.sina.com.cn/d/2006-11-26/05461256653.shtml

Ϻͨѧ2006챾нˮƽ
http://bbs.sjtu.edu.cn/bbstcon,board,HUST,reid,1166334427.html

ҽϵ״
http://www.21wecan.com.cn/rcjl/qzzp/document/hot_05101602.htm

(XYS20080225)

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ϣҽԺûַģֻп

ߣַ

ַ²ʣֻѭҽѧѵҪġԼ֪ʶ
ڸӶĸΪıȡ桱ԭΪԼһѡ
浱ȻΪиָӶƣ·
ϻ߻ͲУڳҽԺҽԺͲУһСʱǰ
ھͲС֮£λͬдɲзϵҽӢۣ
ҲϣΪǵΪһ࣬ķ֮ơ

˵ûҪ׷ҽǵΣǰӰ˵ġ
ˡеġҽҪȾԼ֪ʶڸӶĸ
ΪңҲĳУıȡ棬βʹԼ桱
ҽΪ˺ԼǮȥڲ˵Ǯ߰Ǿ仰
˳ߵˣǾԼԼһҪǣǣ

ҸΪȣ˵йҵļңҵ裬Ķ
Ӻöҽϴ󣬼Ȼϴ󣬴һϴĲ·
ȻﲻʹҲڼּ֮Ҳ˵ɶ
һǱӵũСֵܣʹҲˡ

ڶԮϹҲŲϺţ˼һȥ
ȫء޹ҽ֯˵ˣҪתꣿû׼ô
ҽй룬ԼƧǶȥ

ַģ״Ӷ˵˰Ǻƣ㶼ܹ
áҲйϺơ

ԣҽӦڸӶĸѰ·ߵһȺˣ
Ϊѵʼչᴩְҵĵÿʱÿ̡ҽеľӢǸΪҵ
ѡһ·ߵʱˣ߾ҽѧ۷õǰǸǸָһ
ʱˡ˵óʱͳ֣廹ϵ

ϰ˵ˣЩûõأʵءҲ˵ˣʤԡ
Ҿͳϰõĵӣ˵Ĳֻܸ޵ġ
ˡש

һ	ڲϵƷһҽΪʵ
Ʒʹüֵ˺ȥҪκҿҪҩκ
ҩҪԺȥԺҪ̼Һ˾ȥ̼ҪһҪ
סԼְҵµߡҽҪȾԼ֪ʶڸӶĸ
Ϊıȡ棨ҲĳУβʹԼ桱
ڲ˵ǮҪ͵Ƿ׸ˣûз׸ˡҪ˱
˰

	󷽷²˵ĺд˫ǩ֡עһ
Ÿж֮յҾҽƿɣҷһԼ֪ʶڸ
ӶĸΪıȡ桱Ҳκʱ򶼿ƾ
ջغҾ˸ıҵԡ˵ƾΪݡջʱ
۳Ӧ˰

	һҪܵظлжңΪıȡ棬
άǵ棬ʹԼΧھ㡣ʾҪ
ȵСıҽ֮С

ԣҽķ棬ҪҽĸߵڴӦڿ
ҽƶȷڴҽ߽ѹ۵ļƻͬ
ҩҵ꣬꣬ҽβֶκ붼ܵӰ졣ʱҽҩ
ҵȫиҵȻ졢ٵгóȽϣͳˮһ̶

ڲҩҪҽҽƷӦóеҽΣҲϣ
ԸĻϣԼΧҲҽⲻлߣȻ
ǰģҽҪȾԼ֪ʶڸӶĸΪңҲ
ĳУıȡ棬βʹԼ桱

(XYS20080225)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)

С֮

ߣ췹

һȥ췹ҩߣʼδȻС
Ļ⣬۵ѾʱûиɽˣԺҪڡ˿
족ģԶͨߣ仹ǱҪİգڶ
ߣٶʱǸ㲻ס

ǰᵽйػһǡгҩá˶
ѣǽҲЩìһϵв⵱𽥷ŴģΪ˲
۵㣬ᵽķʶΪ˵ЩΪûҩ˵
пӦ֢ҽ⣬پһԼϤƿ
ӡϣڻ˵˶̫ľܾгҩǸ׵ĸ˽
Ĺ۵Ƿǳͬġ

ж˵ҽأҽţͨһץһѣ
Ҫֻһյˣʹҽѧϵļ⣬ܶʱ˵
ֲСҽ仰ǹƫ޵ھ
£ҽҽѧļǳͨ˵ģֻҪ˵ҽѧϹҽļ⣬
ܶʱͨ˵ҽɡΪ˴ﵽ͹ҽĿĶʹ
ƫĻֻ󵼻ߣʵǼεģرҽ
ʱ

⣬ҽй һĴΪ˱ȽϹںͷҵҽ
ѣðX֮⻹

¼˵ҽҵҪиж֮ġһЩͨĶߺԶ
ĲˣҪиж֮ġ


йԭ
СӰ 
http://xys.dropin.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/medicine/yiyuan19.txt
СסԺľ 
http://xys.dropin.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/medicine/yiyuan10.txt

(XYS20080225)

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ҽ಻˭õ

ߣò˵

ҵĹ۵㿴ڹڣ˽һЩҽ֪ʶõģ˽Լ
ܵת飬ҽӳ̶ȣõҽƵȵȣ
ʲôĿѧʻʲôˮƽйȥҪʶֵũ
Ҫ˽⼲ȥҩܲãȻʵϣҽʵ
Щ崦֮Ĳ𣬲ǺģҽĺŪ
㿴˿黹ǿԻתԼЩʵˮƽϲ
ҽȴҽѧĸ֪ٴĻۣһ
ǲġҪÿƶкüˮƽҽѣƺѣ

ԼĹ֪ʶνϸߵϱȽҽ뷨
ҲǽĻϣرƷúЧôױȽ
ʱһЩҪ۲ļҩ˿⣬ԼҲɡҲ
شԶĲˣתСʡܲܿҩ
ٽһ飬ûҩͲǿĸоҲֻҸҸýٵҩ
ټʲô֢״˳һƬƽʱҪ԰ЩҪ
뷨ʱȷ̫ףȻ˵

ҲˣҩڵػҩϵĳΡ
֢ʡҩεĲҵĲ֢Ҫҳԣ
Ҳ̫ˡ֮࣬͵ģҲвģҩ¡Ҳ
20Ǯ2ҩ󳳴˵ҽ󴦷Ǹʱе30Ůˡҿ
ԼЩǻûʲôθˡ

ûΣеľٴ붼Է⣺CTMRIͿҩǾ
׬ҩǮ˼Ǿ׬Ǯûҩû飨˳첻飬
ΪշѣǺŪҡ˵ѡʲô

Ȼҽ˵ʵҪԺͻ߲ܽܵͲ顣
ȷܶ£æЩҽעͣҼȷĻ
շתҽԺûԼʲôġʱҲδҽĴҼ
ҲȷƴʩȷĻߣϺ͵ؼܹʮҴ
ҽԺĲкüдķǳ淶
ҽԼʱȥͻ߽ͲġƶЩ˵Ҳ
ǲܳܣһ·ѾѾˣҽѶż
ĲˡĻ߳ǲҽĵͣʱҲܻһЩɡ

ҽͲֵأƫԶ˵Ǹ鷳£Ϊ
ҲĳЩֻҼ˿ѡ١Ƕڴ˵
ҽԺѣﶼѡ㲻ҽǾֻлһˣ
ֻҪ²鶼ģǰô
ῪģҽҲһ㻻ȥһΡǻǶˣ
ٲǱҽ

ҲһЩؼҽԺ֧ԮҼĶؼҽԺҽ
Ǹͬĵģ෢ĴԭģʵҲ
ܺѧܻ漰ҽѧٽ⣬Щ⿴Ƚ󣩣Щ
ƿϰߺͻ̬淶ҪȥӲͷ
϶׬ʲôǮ˽ҽԺܴ󣬵ٻ

֮ȷطѰΪȻʱʵ˵ҽ
ǿԸĺõģм䣬һǰҽһ򾡣˵ҽ
Ժҽ˻ؿҽվɵ֮࣬ȷԶڲ֮ءҾͲ
һһԸ⣬ҿһʲôﾳҲ
Ǹ߻ߣȥҽԺҪйҽҽҪ⺦ӹҽ
㡣ֳҽϵûкôԻĽûкô

ҽƵȻǳҽĵˮƽϣѰ빹ʲôʲôҲ
ʵ̫Զ򶼲Զ׼ǣ໥ֻʹ˫
ܵ˺Ǳ

(XYS20080225)

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ҽǳܵ

ߣò˵

ҲЩ˿ϵѾе㲻ԭ˿
ˡȶԴұʾǸԼԭЩʹˣҲ̳ա
ԺҶĳЩ˵Ŀкθı䣬ΪΪԼĴ
֮⡣

Ѱ˵֪˻ǲң˿203ְΣ
ζǳȾͣ30ˣȻ䶼Ѵ
60꣬һġܹȷǾǵºרҵϵĿģڵϣ
û˽ӽˮ׼Ϥ޷жϣ
ӽ10%ҽԺͬжģΪ޷ͳƵġôʣ
Ѱ0.010.1%ǴӺεҪǿ硰ģ֪˵
֪˵٣Ҫһŵ֡

ΪʲôܶҽҪѰΪ˵׼йҽ
УͲƽѰСۣҪйҽһС
ۡ

йҽԺҽСҽԺήʵҽԺҽ
ܸߵģֻԼϤĻ˵£40뵽ʲô
£30³ȥкܶĻԿҽִաǹ
ߣPhDǮЩҽԺҽʦҪĳЩ
ҽԺضҵĻĳЩε˵£⵹ȷǸˣҪ֪
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ǹ⿴ܵģЩ˿飬ΪԼиԴܵ
ġҲЩ÷

ҽ˵пĵĻԼ˵ĿһЩѶȵġ
һְҵɾ͸СʵҽֻܶڼԼְҵ
ߣͬжصĺҽȻҲϣһľ롣֮
ǣҽѾ÷ڵһλǺְܶҵְλ
۵ġ

Ŀǰҽƻ£ְҵȥӡһƪϿ
һڽʵϰԲˡһģһ־
󣬴˰ɡȻҲȫͬ⣬ɼһЩҽκ
ȻԼְҵļ֡

ȫͬǣʵʹУ90%ϵĲ˼õĹ
ͨǱȽͨģʣµ˴ཫŽɣ䱾ƣȫ
ʵҲ1%ҡΪҽÿ죬ÿһ¾
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Ҳúۣʱ˹ϵʵΪһоҽŲ
Σ໹ǺܿԱġ

˾ǵ¿ģԲѰνĵһˣҲԼȥ
ΪһСڴͬļУҽˮƽиߵͣʵ˵ҽ
ԺһСҽԺǿڹڲͬĵͬҽԺʱ
Ĳ𣩣ԼҲǺġԴ˵ҽƴϿԼһ
Լʲôǽһ黹ǹ۲죿ҪҪת
Ժҽ°տͻı仯Щ˵
ʱԼ˽˹ϵϵ飬Ѫ򽻵ҪѪף
Ѳ֢Ҫָҽ渶ҽҩʲôġҽʥˣҲû
ȥеҶԿҽĵ˽⣬70%϶ġ

˵ǣҽﺦȺ֮٣еĻܴ󣬵ҽҵ
ֻǹ˵һӰѰҪʥˣҪվƸ
ϣейڴѧϵ˰ı֣99.9%϶
ˣһ붼˽ǿǿˣҲȷΪҲûκ
ͳ˵ҽҵ˵¸߶٣ߵͶ٣ҲϣһЩ˲Ҫ
ͷ֤ݡ

ܶҽ﷢ĵ˼û˭Ѱ
˿Ķ߻зģϣ˽ҽĹ״̬Ѱ
һָõҽ֮ĹϵƶȵⲻҽԸıģҪҽ
һô˵Ǵĵزͺ񱱾Ǹи¼û
أ1%ùͨУѵϣҽǻߣ
ʵҽҲΪߣƹͨǶڹ⣬ƺʲô
˵ݣȥΥʵ߼䳰ȷʱҾѰЩ
¥ˣͺÿˣΪ˭鷳ˣΧ۵
ˡ

(XYS20080225)

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˻ġء޶ˡƵ硱̷

Ѱ

Ѱ̫ˣԲòλ¡

޶ˡ

һ	ˣѰֻڶ֮ͨһϲһ
ѧѧʶϸ㲩ϵϣֻϲѰ׶ѣ
ĳɷݣʵĳɷݸأ˿ϵĲʹԵһ
㣬ʵлĳޡ

	ҲǡҶҽĿһµģ
ҪȻһЩҽҳ˷಻Ըȥģк
ƣҽȻȻͻˡԡҲʹҲ֪
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	ҲܻѧӰ죬ǾΪʲôҲ¸磬
µˣƤƤĺô֪˵ʲô

ġ	ǳ̬ȣҪӡ֡ѧԼĴ
д͸ģҪģҲǻѧҪ֮һ
Ҫ֮һ˾ͱۣʧȥƽ֮ġӭ

Ƶ硱

һ	ԷʿһΪйҽ
̬ðҵģȻƶԺΪУڴ˾һ䣬ûʸй
ҽֻܴѡ

	ѰҲйҽĺܶϻûҪظظ
ȥñҪ۵ʵ

	Ѱڵרҵоҽصָרҵϵ
飬ǲѰȤڡҹעһ̬ΪҲ
Ҫ루ᣩѧѰΪҽɵ椡

ġ	˵ҽѰҲᣬûҪԣ
סѰԭ򣬾ںδдںδ˴ˣ
Ǻûдⲻִ빫ݣҪһⷽĻ
ʶ

塢	СɶԳƼҲƽϣ׼ɵ椵̬ȡ
СģģѰûǧۣҲûǷȤ
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ʵжϡ˾ʹˣڵ³ϽƽڴʧСֻһ㣬
ӡ̬ȡ

	ǻԹ޵ЩȲƽҽΪǷ
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һˡҽҪеΣԭеҲУǾͱϱԹͣ졣

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ĸĹעԿ⣬ƺһŽרҵҽĸ£
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	ʿʲôȥˣһҽҽԺм
Σ˼ȷҶ֮𣬵ҽԺҪܶ౶

	λɵ͵ģϲ뵱Ȼо
ǷƵɡôĿѧȱȻǵרңź
˶Ӳڣ֪ѧѧҪ˰ɣ

ġ	ҪӼ¹Уֱҽ
ҲӦλĻߡ

塢	Ͼ۲Ҫȫҽ߼ϲͨ
ѵרҡȫϰ뵱ȻҸġרҡ
Ķģҽû̫ϵȫһгʶ
ͨߡ

	ȷԻһζҽĻ޲ҽר
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ҽìܣһ㶼ìܡ

ߡ	ִҽѧҽӦ̬ȣҽң
ҪٵƵģʲô֤ҵĻͺˣˡ

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⹥յĹŵЧ(ʵôˣһú 
ҵģΪӼ߾ֵģˡ)

еصڹӦԹڵĹ״ѵʶ

ǰͷһǡ2002~2003SARS粨һѵΪڹ 
ˣͷһǡʲôʱ˶ǵĹ˷ģΪ 
ŷױȼģ

ҳϹªţ׹ӻǲ֪ҲΪ֤ 
ǵĹĸϵ׹ˡδһ仰ǡSpeaker 
1963λ˸Ⱦߡ

SARSʱĽտҽԱ£ʱǿƸı˵ˣǽ 
ߣǧ˰ɣ

SARSոչȥ꣬˶ԺϵͳȾļôñ44δ벡 
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ڹǷıȼŷףٷԼ̬˵˰ɣ

http://xk.cn.yahoo.com/articles/070927/1/42wl.html
塰߲˴֤ ʳƷɷ

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ڹݣȥֹһΣΪȫۡйݵ
ýֽģû뵽Ȼö֮CCTVȻȥ
һϽˮԴ˷ģٳɣ
ȤΪѵݵɶûˡ

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ɡȵȣǱ̨ʾǡܲšܵȻǹܲˣȴ˵Ҳ˵
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ɡ׻ǵ˱ҲԷķ˵ҲҲû
˵ɡ˵ףָȨɵĸ棬
Ȩһ漰Ҫ͹֮䣬ͨȺڵı˴֮䡣Է
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˶ԱȷΪȡúóɼʳʳĿĲΪ˼ٿǣ
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ˮ⣺ҽѧһҪרҵ

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Ҫۡϸѧ֮ǰҪת
ģ͡Ҫļ裺

һǿӰ췭תٶȣͿӰٶȣڵ˶
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µġҾִ塢ִһǡ
ȺڡվǵϰߵĶ棬;һ˵ǣҲԡ

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