                         ˿µϣ20080105գ

08.01.05, ӡѧ
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                  ѧ

                       ӡ

    ں˿һƪеź
ѧһȱѧʶе桷
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ҷĽһҶԻĿѧʶˮƽĵģ֪
ҳȻųǻѧ˸ǰġʱʷҲ
áҲ˻ԭģȻЩȫҳĽԭ
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ǲҲ˵Իô˵Ҳ޴󰭣׼ȷԭ
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ʡʡऺͰडDNA is the basis for all life on 
Earth. It has a double helix structure, like a spiral staircase, which 
was discovered by Francis Crick and James Watson in the Cavendish lab 
at Cambridge in 1953. The two strands of the double helix are linked 
by pairs of bases, like the treads in a spiral staircase. There are 
four bases in DNA: adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine.

    ҳѡԡˡԡѡּˡ
ᡱѡडˡҰᡱһ׼ȷǳԵ
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ˡ

    ԲǻȱѧʶߵӢˮƽ̫ȱѧʶ
ѧߣֱڰܻʦ

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Ʋѧתʦһ

    ãұҵѾ5ˣɽѧͬѧŸң˰
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Ϣʱ2008.1.5.

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Ҫٺ˺𣿡ӣĳ֪ڴѧ
˾Ȼ󲨡ɽѧչơ
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ϽʱңɽѧУ԰ҳϹ˶¼ĵ
УʾһݣҲвʵг
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ѧУҪȫʦΪϸѧͬʱҪעѧ
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ƪѡĲʿɽѧ΢רҵƲӽڣ
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ѡĲʿϷɽѧ΢רҵƲӽڣ
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ش⣬ڿѹǳȱѧЧͨ
ѧʽڼ򵥣¸ͬѧϵţԸͬѧȡ˴ֱĶԴʽ
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Ʋӽ1963ˡũҵѧ΢ѧרҵȺѧʿ
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ţĽ

׺һ
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_503482e101007xhd.html

磬ѧԺͨдˣӲѧı棬
˾ࡣ֪ΪҲʼӦһƣ
ѧˮƽСꡱƵȥϣڱҵǰ
һѧѧһЩ֪ʶϾˮƽĽѧУ֮١

ȵ300ǰУԺԺʿμʦǵͬ˱
ƿҶΪ׳۵ġӦòʧ˰ɡǺǡ
ֿϵļҲͦ˵ģ
 
 ίԱ뾭оԱ
                          anniezhangcal@hotmail.com  (510)-717-2603
һѵ
    ݴѧУ ѧѧ˫ѧλѧ
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                ѧ
                ѧ
    ʽԿ׹ЭԱ
                2006ѧоChaikoff
                ͳ
  1.ѧо
    ָʦΪƷгг۵2001ŵý
George Akerlof
    ҵģ̨ȫ豣ƶȡ
...........................
 
˰ȷʵеţ

Ҳûп밢޷ƬһţҺֵԭ
ѧѧλһ¹ʦҪգ

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˭ƿĻ˭ú



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ǵصĳ̶ȡ˻κʵԵĸƶҪһӻ
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Ҳ̸ͷұ׼

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ͷұ׼˴ҵĹעмƪ¾̸⡣
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(XYS20080105)

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ĿڷҺעҺ

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ԵĽĿĿ˵˹˾ʮĿƼأö
Ȼֲȡֲʺ͸ҩģƳɹһԶư̲ҩ
νڣ10-20ڣںڵİ֢ܴﵽȬơ
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ںžǣսʤ̲˭ꡣ

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ʮҵŮ顱

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ҽĵ绰20061225ֹŹҫ
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רңвġҽ͡洫طڼäĿŴӵ
ϰա200˲֪ôʶ塱ȻҪѻʯԿѧ֮
ѣ֮ʯ˼Ҳ㡰ֻۡһһĭҲ㹻ǳ嵽Զ
̫ƽȥˡȽȤǺܲĽ֡

ȻСȷ纮лơа׵İΧ
ȻԴԴ򡶻Ƶھָȥصعġҩ
лǻĪҩɷ֡Ҿɥ꣬³ŵ̫
˵ʻ㳡ֶҪ󡰷ҽҩָֻ
Ȥ³Ѹܾҽǹһˡ200λ֪
Ҷ𡢴ٿҽҩ˵Ӱ
Լɷ򡢶ŮĸֵܽԼ˺ѣ200200020000 
𽥵أأһһء

ҼţԪ2056꣬ʮԺһůĻƻ裬һ
ϼ峿ҵŮֶֶŮԺظĶǣǵүү
游ǵμšҪ󡰷ҽҩ200ú֮
һǼ·ڹԪ2006꣨ũ꣩ڳйҽҩʷ
顱Źҫκүүһ˵ĲиŬ
رǸӣڲȫִҽѧıȫν
ҽ޺ҲǳԳŵлƳϡŹֵк
¿µ֢ˡ

д20061229գ200814ոĶ

(XYS20080105)

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ԽȻԽ

lw56102

ٹ˶ȻԵģȵģģģϣԽȻԽãԽ
ȻԽӣԽȻԽƷζⱾִʳƷȫΣ
⣬ԼɵµӦ֮Գ֮ΪȻΪֶȻ
ϲٵģȰȻǶȻһռƻ

ΣǶϣһعϡȻȻȥΣδ
Ĳԭ֡ʪصȵȡϣЩطͨݺͱ
е硢ǡб·ӡпɽ̨ףбӶֽʵ
ˮţڲԭ߰СʱϣԽҰտ񱼡Ȼ
ҰﷸУӷӵĽĿٹ˵ֲԶ
δԺʱ򡣲˽ϻȡƷʪ
ҩҸҿ϶ֻҪʹΪҩϣϾ
ȻԸ߼۹Ȼʬ岿֡ȻѾ̫
ˣҲ޷ϰյȻһ۸Ȼ
˴Ҫ򱻹ҲܵĹܿˡ

(XYS20080105)

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ڼ׷

ߣɿѧϰ

ʦ

ۿ˿ܾˣҽҩ̬ҲΧ
ȴʵ緹һҽ˵һЩǰٲ˵ҩƷ
һζڼ׷衱ǰټҩҪд
ءҲҽһ֪ǷǰټҪԼأڶ֪
ڼ׷ǷдԼأ֪Լȫһ
ҽҩĸڼ׷˵ȷǸҩ˿
ĴţǸҽġ֤ʩΡѽ˼
ҽȦڵ֪ڼ׷õǴԼء

(XYS20080105)

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Ӵ߽ѧ

ɳ
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4ffad439010081nl.html

ϣʱ˼ƪӵ£˼ܽ

Ϊʲôϼûܡ--- ĳһط֣;Ȼѡ
ĽֵǨơϼûܵԭǱûҵӱǨ㵽
ΨһܣҲûϼܡ

ľΪʲôͷۡ--- ɾ͡

Ϊʲôβ͡--- ˡýˡ͡Ȼѡ񡱵𣬻
˵Ϊɶýˡǰǲβ͵ԭ

ֲе֡ --- һСᲨ11235
813 ....Ǵһҵķֳ˵ġֲã
˻ƽָ

տա--- ۲ʶƬԡտڻ
̫˶תģʢԺ󣬾͹̶˶

㡷 --- ˵̥ڷݡ
ÿ׶Ρ

ЩԽÿѧȻĥ
׷ѧĹ̺ͷ֣ȴ֮á

ǸҴûܶõġۡ

ȤϣǸѧңȻķ̣
ô֣гɾ͵һء

ϧӵδдģϣȰѧɣӦǸĿ
ѧңӦǸĹʦְһ

(XYS20080105)

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йҽԭ



ǰЩӱ¼зʱֵܾͲƺйҽ
ڹ˵Ŀдһԭ⡣ǾǣֻҪκ⣬
ԭʲôҽٵظԵֽƳҽԺ
ȵĲԱûʱֵһҲ֣ëô취
ġ

ֵܵҽڲǣԺǲٻȥϱл˵ʮа
ǲͷˡֵһֱԼҽĺԺΪԼ߾ȫΪ
˷ӣԺ󲻻ôеĻˣе˲˭
ģҲ˭ܸɵġЩĴ˱еôʵ
Ҳ֪

˵С°ɣֵڹһСҽԺ˰꣬ҽԺ꣬
ȻȲϡӷʵĴ򣬼ĲҲ١˸оҽ
ԺԽԽû˼ΪԭЩΪ񡱵ĳɾ͸ԽԽˡ
һ뼶ͨѶ籾ؼվļߴʮ꺢ĺӱ̿
ˣٿҽú˰ûʹ򷢵ˣʳı
͸ӡǺ¾ûԣ˳ʵ⣬
ȷʵǺܶġʱҳӵ˼빤ǿʼ쭣
ôӳֵֶܽ˵ǼҪ˭֪ģ˵
ܶĻʢŭ֮£ֵҲˣѵһ٣˵˺ܶ
аҽҽĻҲʾʹá
쵽쵼Ͷߡ֮лػ

ѹȥˣֵÿʼȰ˵ǸӺ롰ӻ
ҳϣǼŵԽСȻ͸ûзҵ
ǼǺ˼ĭоƺ̡ûСˡʱܸˣ
ܿʹֱ䡣ƬӻٿҼٿ
ʱǸͬ־һƻֵܵĳɾ͸Уݺݵض˵
һġ

ֵҲûȵǻֱ뿪ҽԺڼҽԺ˺
𱻵رֽ¼һ¼УҽԺ칫ɵд
һݽͲϣ˭֪Ϸļ߼Ӻ󷢱һݲ۲۵ļ
飬Ѱ칫ʵһѡ

ƽĶۣһԽϵ͵ĵطĶ̡ٴ
ҵķվҪߵĶˡǰƴʦĳЩ˵˵
˭ˡءΪֵҲ
һ죬Ҳܶͬһһ뿪ٴԼĿе
ǡʱȴûνĵԽУǸԽ
˵ΪΣЩٴһߵͬСʱƣ
ǳܵѹԽԽˣȴȻţʲôԭ򣬶ֵء
ȻֵܶҽĳЩ˵ܱΪʱ䲻ϰ˼ά
ʹȻǺǡ

ƽĶۣûһҽӺˡ͹۵˵ҽһַ
ģʽǮҲһܴﵽԤЧʼڿܶء
ĳϷԣڵ˼ҺʿѾʶ̱ķ̣֪ʶ
Ϊİ취ƺûаҽϵͳĸﵽϣģϾ
ھһܲõĶ򣬱ʼ̧ͷˡҽ
ɱ¼ʼࡣܽʲôҽҲûлʶ
˼ֵܲţصĹ侯ǹܶǡ
˭˭أ

йר̫ࣨйȱľרң̫ܽ١

ǣֵ뿪ڵҽԺϵͳһҽѧԺо
ǷӲǰԵǼңҲӴˣȿҽ
ǢϵҲΪʧҽԺǰʾҪ⳥¼Ҳ֪
йԽԽ绯ԽԽй

(XYS20080105)

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ҽǷȺ?



ҽԭһдЩһǳɵʱȻʹ죬д
֮侲¿ܻʵ䷴Чһ
õ""""Ĵʻ㣬ìܣԽް
ʮֲסԿڴһЩ䡣

һҽǷȺ? 

ֻҪͳһ°˿ڵ磬ýҽҵй۵
۾ͲѵóۣҽϴơҽԱĹܵ
вûеõִԱ㹻ıзɶԾ֤εĵԼ
޽еƶҽƾ׵Ĵдڼ˲ĵλ֪ҽԱ
ȫȨԼڷϵƽȵȷƵλƵ
λʹҽ뼫ǿԼıΪɣ۲ṩֱ
ҽԱҽʵܵ˼ơԶ׼ġ
ƵʯͷԼĽšưеҽܹõķ
ϵȷԣҲ͵õȡ 

еҽͲ

ˡԭһĵ˿Ϊ߶ӦȡҽҲˣ
ȻҲ᷸󣬶˴Ȼ¹иӦܵʹ
ԵǶҽȺձӡ磺"ȱҽΨͼǸ
.Ҳ˵ӺͳǲǺʵ,ʶҽҩ,ʳ
,жҽǲմ?" ˵֣ⷬһͳ֤
ҽҵг̶Ⱥ壬Աȵȡ
ܵĻִָ̫صʱ΢һЩ 

˭ҽìܵߣ

ѣҽƷðȵϰյз֮ʹҵϰյŭ
ҽϡҽΨͼΪͨý
Ⱦҽͻ˶棬ֻͨεҽĲȡ
ҩƷҽе۵λҽԺҩƣڲţȴڸۻ
֮ܶҽͻ֮ìУ˫ҡɥʧ˶ҽԱ
Σֲβ޸ݣйҽҽǿɿģ
ҽһӹ˾Ļߣ̬Ҳòǲ"
"ˡҵϣýܹټɿҽͲ˵Ķǰ
עеθĸƣһЩ""ʵ¡ 

(XYS20080105)

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ҽҵҪижġҽ¹ʼط飨У

Ѱ

ۼйҽϵܶʱҪǣΪϢȱò
ʱѰ֤Ϣ漰ϵһ⣬Ϣ̫
̫ḻȡ᲻Ͷ£ƪۼҽ¹ʾԱ
½⡣ҽΣΪΪǰͬռѧѧ
֪ʶ˵̬ȣ

ѧϲֻ˵ֻ߷Ѱ塣ܵѵ
Ҫ֤ģԵƲϲҳĵˣҪ
ѵġ桱Ӱ죬еȤδӶ
߶һ롢߶һΣ˶ָл̬Ҹед
ıҪҲûĵ֣Ҫǵ˴٣߳Ժʿһ
ģһȨԼӡ

йѧĶѧλ˿ͬҸĶ벻練
࣬Ҳ練֮߱ǿҡȻǰ̷׫дϵ£
ٰ˼һ࣬άѰרҵ㡣Դڰ̷
ڻءɾ XYS20071228ԼβطҽƷ񶨼ۻ顣
ϡ䳣ϰٴ֮ͬأԼȻǶ
ۻмΨһĸˣźǴ뵱Ȼһѣơ

۱׼Ƕ񣬴û׹Ϊ۾ͺ
̶۾뵱ȻĲǺҾһѣУҪ
ۣЮרҵ֮˱ԺʿһѡҽƷ۸һ
ӵĿѧ⣬ֻвй1/4˿ڵӶⷽ湤
Զйż˻Ҫ࣬Ժר۴⡣
ҷҽˣֶĳ˵۸ɱҹӱ⣬ͶԴ
һıǩΪҽڸԼصʶ
Ļ˼·Ҷй½ҽ˼άһ㶼֡ϻӦ
¿εļӣǵĲԱһ»֪ʶҲͲڳ
ˡɰϼ򵥵һӣԿйҽϵԵε
ȱרҵ澫ˣÿѧĵطֻ뵱ȻƣתͱԹ۸
ѵ۸񲻺ԱӦΪɵ

Ժ涨֤öɳ֥ùˣйҽҵΪֹֻ
֪Թʣ˵ʲôʵķأǾͰһҲ
ܣֻҪָǰӣʯѽʱſϣ

2006719ӰҽЭAMAһ棬Ŀ
Medical Liability ReformNow!ñ76ҳϸҽ϶ҽ
ִҵӰ죬ĸоݣʵʵڵĽ顣AMA֮⣬
ΪרҵЭᣬӰģҲԴȫо
ԼķƸĸ󣬱AAFPͥҽѧԺϯRobertsҽҲ
200210׫ϸҽΣRobertsҽӵзѧʿѧλ
ӦģҲԴо20038¹ܰ죨GAOһ
63ҳı棬ҽϱձԻ߾ҽӰ졣Աȣ˶
ʵ̬뷽ʽʵڲҹάԣǿǲϵģ
棬ǽĲţйֹ뵱ȻƳԣҪ
Ϊǿҽϵؽ£ĸҲҪָŪƤӵ
Щˣһˡ

ҽϱںܶҽִҵıҪ֮һûбվǷǷӪҵҽ
ϱҵȴߣʮͲͣظΣתй˻߸ҽ
ͷѪᶼӶΪΣ˾Σ
ҽϱΣԴڼҽϱҵƲתҵҽҽϱ
ѡʮڣݴ󲿷ҽϱҵÿ1ԪıѣҪ1.80
Ԫ⳥ãǺ󲿷ҽϱҵֹͣʼһҽϱ
Σ漴ͨ1975ҽ˺ĸ﷨MICRA⳥
ƣʹΣ⡣

⳥ȣڹ˾ͻ뵱ȻΪĴʩ
⳥ϣ鵽Ϊֹ˻Ứоѣȷ
ȷı⳥ȼԻӰ죬ݴѧһλѧλ
˽˹˾ѯʦԴ˽оһ62ҳı棬Ǹ÷ı
Ӱ졣ù˷֣

ڰʮͿʼҽϱնбѸΣ
Σ1997굽2004꣬ͥþλ16Ԫӵ44Ԫƽ
35ӵ61򣬺ͽЭλ10ӵ19ƽ21ӵ31
3/4ںҽʤգҽӮҲܲңϽ
ͥҽƽ9Ԫϻʵʹδͥҽ
Ҳƽ2Ԫ׼á

ҽָйҽܴѧĽǶ֤Լ
ԣһζԼܵίҪӴҽѧǶ֤֤Ǵ
ɣҲ·ߵöôۣ߲ߵͨһԵ
ڣֻԼʧȥŵĺϷԣLegitimacy仰
˵ѽҽܵί˭ѽWho Cares˭ûһί
ѽзƸĸӦҽͬǣôҽ
޷ԼΣȴȡöķȨûԵ޹
ȨҲûԵ޹ʵAMAıУҽ
ڣ

1.	82%Ϊҽҽɱҽܸ
ִҵ
2.	76%Ըƶʹĥѵ⳥
3.	75굽2000䣬⳥޶ݲҽ5û⳥޶

4.	45%ҽԺΪҽΣɥʧҽͣ򣩼֢ҽ
5.	ܱյϣΣݴڳɱӷ
6.	ҽΪҽϷնٷΧ
7.	ϵӰ쵽סԺҽҵִҵ
8.	Ӱ쵽ҽѧҵ
9.	ؼеϷת޵ϣ1975꿪ʼҽϷ
ƽ12%
10.	ǱҽϷնбҽƣҽƳɱߴ7001260
Ԫ

AMAͨоϵо֤ݳɹذһҵתΪ⣬
ͿAMAȻҽĸģ㣬ģ
ļֵȡǻߵĸͻỽȫĹע
ΪνṹܣΪһϷ⣬ҪʵԤ

ΪݷҽҪһʵݣAMA漴Ǳ
ΣݽԼšAMA УAMA
߼Եİţ

1.	ͨع12о֤ҽϸĸĿЧ
2.	ݷƷǾ˺⳥ȵЧ
3.	ľٴ

AMAרǱڵķЩۺϷǼ򵥵
ǹغӡ

AMAı棬ͺ׵õһӡǾAMAǻḣ
ҽǮչ˱ģڶ֤ݣǿտڰ׻
AMA˵һ⣬ȥ˵һ⣬Ӧ
˽AMAĽУ淽붼õչһ̶ϵ
㣬Ͽȡ˿͹۹԰ΪйҽҵԱ̬
Ϊ˸еɥ

κһҵӦֿѧչĹ۵㣬Բһȱҵ
ΪʹȻAAFPϯRobertsҽ˵One of the 
great dilemmas of American health care is that even as doctors are 
able to do more and better, patients expect more and better.ҽ
ϵͳǵҽܹøṩ񣬻ߵӦ
ãҲ˵ظĸ뼼κҵĳ棬ҲҶЩ
ɷΪ·Ϳ֬Ĩ۵ġרҵԱԭ

ںǽҽƾ׵;ҽԱҽҵҪʶ
뻼һԣҽڷƽȫо޴ɱ
˫ĽͲģǺܴĸֵе⳥54%
ϵͳֻʣµ44%ǴҽҵߵתơִӮǶ
Ӷǵģгҽϵ

нӽ֮һҽϲ漰רҵԱĹʧҽԱ
ҽƻҪΪں޶ϷãôҽҵǷܵ˲
ԴأϷ׵̬ȣҽ췴ҲҪ
ԹˡѰȴĿĿ෴ʾҽҵҪжģ
˭ĶڣҽҵıԱߡ

ǰܹҽѧѧԺġ˾ͻ᷸ı棬ñ˵
ÿ410ڿԤҽƴҽҵĹʧ
ʱ󲿷ֻûзϣҽҵõ½⣬Զԣ
ҽҽԱҽƻ͸óж֮ģʡ˼߼ˮƽ
ṹرᣬźϺȻĵҪ󡣶Դ⣬һн
һۡ

(XYS20080105)

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ҽִԸظneuroglia

Ѱ

neuroglia:

лᵽһҽԺҵĽۣݰ
õϿھҽҽԺԱΣλʦҽԺ
鷳˵ҽԺûΣԺоڶ࣬永ķƲʵ⳥Զ
ڣܰҽԺǣʵ⳥ͿܴﵽڣΪҽԺϵͳ
ʲԶԶڡ

Ų̫˽ҽϵʽ󲿷ҽҽԺ
ҽȫǶģҽԺҽտҽӴ
Ļʿҽ͵ģҽԺΪҽṩҽԺΪҽ
䱸ʿסԺʱеĻʿҽԺģʿ˲ҽԺҽ
˲ҽסԺҽҽԺԱʿʦҽ
ȿҽԺԱҽԺ͵ҽԺҽHospitalistҽԺ
ԱҽԺΡҽƹ˾ҽԺѡĴǮ

òCTδ֣Ӧзĵͱ֣
ʱݵºȻˡҽҽȷϸ񣬲
ȻǵĹͲᱻˣβȻģҽԺȫ
ʱ˵ŹԱ뵽ķʩˣ
ԱһУʱҽԺҲɹԱһе

Ҳȫʶ̷źܴһֹҽĹ۵㣬ҲŻ
ʱ⣬ȻҵҽΣϵӦö෢üˣ̷ֻ
۵㣬ҿûȤۡ

ЦҲãǱģΪǰְ֮ͬģ
һòʵı˵Ů˴ŶŮϴ
İ̷ʽİǴŶŮŰִƫִİ
ŶŮһ𷸴ѣҽӦȨ棬ǿΪ
Ϊ

ҵΪҽΪǡǲԵģǵ͵Ķάۣͬ
δѣͬδǵˡý˺
Ӧִ̫ţڻǷǳ׵£޼ֵѰϲϻ

䣺

й˽ҵɣSelf-policingͳһջΪʵ
Ǿǰֽ֣ûˡũׯڣʩ˷ʣⲻ
ǿӲڿũΪ˱ճɣǾͳݣׯ
еӲȡúճɡӢĲҽͱԹ˵Its the bad apples 
that give the profession a bad name.ЩϸҽҽΪ
רҵһӡҵɣһҵҪ
͵ʶʶҵԾУΪʲ
ôҪһ鳾䶨Ƴһҵ

йҽʵýѹҪƽġҽ
ڹŴλߣȻҪߣλʵ͵
ȡı䣬Ǻ޼ֵرԹǲʧȴƽ빫ȥԹᣬΪ
Ƿ¼˵й˥䶼ŹҵԪ׵
ԽԽСҵĹĶϷҪңҪ
ֳеҵȡƫִҽʮʧ

ȷرʾӹҽϵ˵Ҳ֤ͬ
ҸΪʲôй־֤ã֮ʲôطź
ƫִҽҳһԸϽбۡҽó
ʵڿƶʲôףҵһ㽲ùˣ
׸ˡ

ãʵ˭Ҳ֪ʲôӣ⣬
ѧ磬ڹУҽƶڴ⣬ӹڵѧ綼Ŭ
ʵ⣬ѰĽ֮¶ʼģ
ҵΪֹҺٿѧȻڷ֪ʶϴ
صӡձͿȫΪڶ󾭼ǿ޸Ҳо
õķչҲѧʲô㡣äĿݣ
֪ǳˣеҽԺּһԯޣ
Ц󷽡Ϊ˸ձ鷴ӦһɣϸĹ۲һ°գûҪ˵
ˡ

ҽ⣬Ҷҽ¹ʼڶƪз
εģҽҽϳɱӲ˵һ䲻Ҫ
Unnecessary Litigationôʽ׵иݡֶ䣬ϰ
Ѹġ

ѧϸѭ֤żհģʽ޷ǶʩЧƵʵ
ϸ֤ܵѵĲǲû塣ĳ
ѧĴ鷳ΪʵΪȻѧѧ
ṹϸ鷳Ҳǰ˵ıͬʱ뻹ԭӵ
ûм򵥵Ľ취ûУʹУҲûôĺܲ
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D. Hullо¡¶ȵڡժ¼

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̷ΪִҽѧҽִؼΥʶѧţʵ
Ѿÿѧо֤ʵԼŵȷԣһƫִҽ
Ҫһ֤αõ֤ݡͼݿٵص׵Уڴ
ѷ

Hullҽо1988British Medical Bulletinϣ̷
õ֤Դڸ־ͬһ飬Ϊǰ̷ˣҪ
ʾԭġHullҽо۾ͽڰ̷ἰ̥о֮
ϣHullҽHill1961ڶоAlexander
1975Ჸ鶯¿ػơMount1966ں¶
صȡHull£Ϊ̷ĿԼ

Hullºޱ֧ҵĹ۵㣬ԽС¶ȵԽ
Ի¶ԽУûѪǰȥӦ¶ȣʵ
¶ȣ߻Ͷв΢

ҽժ¼£ժ¼ݲ룬ֻʵۣԴ
Ӣĵ˵ӦòǴ⡣

The full term human infant has a full complement of 
thermoregulatory responses, albeit ill-tested and of relatively 
limited capacity.

On exposure to hot environments most newborn infants begin to 
sweat, most evidently on the forehead and thus to some extent increase 
heat loss. Whereas on cold exposure the term infant can increase 
metabolic rate and thus heat production.

the average term infant weighing 3.5Kg, naked in an incubator 
would gain thermal control over the ambient temperature range 26 C to 
36 C, feel comfortable between 32.5-34 C

The resting metabolic rate of the immature infant is similar to 
that of the term infant when expressed per kg body weight, and it 
rises more slowly after birth. It follows that the rate of heat 
product per unit surface area will be less. the range of thermal 
control would be much reduced (31-36 C) and the range of comfortable 
temperature higher and narrower (35-35.5 C) ͼ

the leaking water evaporates from the skin causing the heat 
transfer by evaporative water loss.

In human newborn infants as in many mammals shivering does not 
appear to occur on cold exposure and it is probable that most of the 
extra heat produced on cold exposure occurs in brown adipose tissue.

edge of viability (24-27 weeks)߶ٽ磨ڣδ
һ˵ض2427ʣõ
һ¡

24-28 weeks gestation  In a very limited study it was found 
that infants of this gestation in the first week of life did not have 
higher metabolic rates when their body temperatures fell below 36.5 C 
than those who were above it. There was no evidence of increase in 
heat production when the infants were cool. It seems unlikely that 
they attempt it, though it is possible that they were unable to 
sustain it or alternatively they did not have the respiratory reserve 
to achieve it. Thus on current knowledge it must be assumed for 
practical purposes that the under 28 week infant makes no attempt to 
maintain thermal stability by thermogenesis.һ˵28Ӥ
¶ȽʱӴлȣû¿ԶԻ¶ȸУ
ΪѰۣ

the skin matures in advance of what it would do in utero, 
keratin is produced so that it quickly becomes watertightƤ
Ӧ

In practical terms these changes can be monitored by recording 
the incubator air temperature required to maintain the infants 
rectal temperature at 37.0 CͼHullȷᵽ
Ӥֱ¶37϶ȣֱ¶Ǻں¶ȵָ֮һ

The easiest way to maintain thermal stability in infants under 
28 weeks gestation under 7 days of age is to incubate them like an egg. 
the air would have to be close to 100% saturation. That seems to be 
an unreasonable and very testing requirement, but in effect many 
mammals are nursed in such conditions. It is also tempting to conclude 
that the infant under 28 weeks gestation is poikilothermic implying 
that it tolerates its body temperature moving up and down with ambient 
conditions. There is no justification for reaching that conclusion 
either. Again there are newborn mammals for whom their size and 
thermal insulation is such that in isolation, any thermoregulatory 
responses would severely compromise survival. For example, mice 
develop thermoregulatory thermogenesis in the first 3 days of life, in 
hamsters it occurs in the second week. But, both show behavioral 
thermoregulation and under natural conditions seek ambient conditions 
which maintain their deep body temperatures around 38 C 
poikilothermic˼ѪƵġһλֱӷ˰̷ݶ
̥ѧ϶ǱѪӦ¶ȵ˵鶯ﻷ
¶ѹӰ档ͼΪĺ뻷¶ȵӰ죬


In all three examples the infants were nursed at incubator 
settings that maintained their temperatures constant at about 37.0 C.
һȷ˵Ӥں37 C޿ɵҵ׼

£

Keeping immature newborn sick infants comfortable is essential 
for their well-being and survival. One example of the many potential 
problems is illustrated by the serial body and incubator air 
temperature recordings of an infant of 25 weeks gestation who was 
placed immediately on arrival into an incubator set at 38 C in air mode. 
The rectal temperature at 20 minutes of age was 35 C indicating that 
even after taking this precaution the infant had cooled rapidly. By 
one hour artificial ventilation was required, at three hours an 
umbilical catheter had been inserted and an x-ray taken. At 4 hours of 
age his abdominal skin temperature was only 34.5 C, has was covered by 
a plastic bubble blanket, the incubator air temperature was still set 
at 38 C. Only when the plastic blanket was removed did he gain warmth 
from environment. However, sufficient is now known about the 
thermoregulating responses and physical characteristics over the 
critical early weeks of life, and modern incubators have the capacity, 
that situations rarely arise where thermal comfort cannot be achieved.

һ仰˵HullҽûйбҪȥһйر
̷ҽ̸һ̸Ľβͻһ

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ѵ⻰Ǳ˵ģҪйҽѧͽǳ
Ҽӵģѵֵ˵ġǲֵܻ˵ˣԼ˰

ȷ޵ܣԳ޷򣬺֪רָˣֵԭ
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Ϊʲô人⳥Ĵذϣвͬ
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Ƿ١˫ʦ¡Ƕǰһ˽ҽƶȵѸҽģ
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Ѱ־еԩҵȷڳЦֵܷдô
˼顷ȴĴΪߵĶȫͬڼ
ڻûз루ǰѾעChurchill 
Livinstone Medical Division of Longman Group UK Limited1988棬
СThe Very Immature Infant ---Less than 28 Weeks Gestation
ȷԻʽBritish Medical Bullutin 44ϣHullǱר
࣬Thermal control in very immature infantsҲĽ
Ѱȡһ£ǾȿɡҪֵܵǣ鹲17£
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ҫԼҽѧǰߴOѪеѪͻ?
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